http://www.thebookcalendar.com Sun, 25 Jul 2010 08:07:52 +0000 http://wordpress.org/?v=2.8.6 en hourly 1 http://www.thebookcalendar.com/what-is-the-julian-date-calendar.html http://www.thebookcalendar.com/what-is-the-julian-date-calendar.html#comments Sat, 24 Jul 2010 12:20:33 +0000 admin http://www.nailaintan.co.cc/what-is-the-julian-date-calendar.html

In 46 B.C. Julius Caesar introduced the Julian calendar. It is also sometimes referred to as the Julian date calendar. Caesar did this in an attempt to standardized dates. Before this time there was no dependable way to do this.

Each year’s length varied as the pontiffs, who were the men in charge of making up the numbers and lengths of months, changed things constantly. They added and subtracted days, and sometimes, even months to try to keep the dates in line with the solar and lunar schedule.

This new Julian calendar included the concept of leap years. This was a concept that was brilliant and ahead of its time. With the Julian calendar, leap years occurred every four years. Having an extra day once every 4 years helped to prevent years from becoming too short. Still, though this concept was sound, it was not perfect.

The Gregorian calendar

In 1582, Pope Gregory XIII instituted the Gregorian calendar. After many centuries had passed, Easter Sunday had been arriving closer to January. Having leap years occur every 4 years actually overcorrected the problem of the years being too short.

A mechanism to correct this problem was needed. Easter Sunday depends on full moon cycles and the vernal equinox. Because of this, Easter’s date had moved up too far to maintain Easter as a springtime event.

The way the Gregorian calendar differs from the Julian is that it has 3 fewer leap years for every 400 hundred years. How does this happen? Finding out how the Gregorian calendar makes this adjustment requires knowing how leap years are determined with both the Julian and Gregorian calendars.

How Leap Years are Calculated

With the Julian, every forth year is a leap year. It is as simple as that. If you divide the year by 4 and the answer is a whole number, it is a leap year. So, 4 AD was a leap year. 8 AD was a leap year. So was 300. 1900 would have been a leap year also, if the Julian calendar had still been used in 1900.

With the Gregorian calendar, if the year is evenly divisible by 4 it is a leap year unless it is divisible by 100. If it is evenly divisible by 100, it is not a leap year unless it is divisible by 400. For example, 1896, since it is evenly divisible by 4, was a leap year. 1900, though it is divisible by 4, it is also divisible by 100 and so no adjustment was made to February in 1900.

1996, being divisible by 4 was a leap year. 2000 was also a leap year because, though it was divisible by 100, it was also divisible by 400. Another way of looking at it is that there was no February 29 in 1700, 1800 or 1900, even though these numbers are evenly divisible by 4. However, there was a February 29 in 1600 and 2000.

The World’s Calendar Since 1753

Though Pope Gregory XIII made the Gregorian calendar official in 1582, not all countries were subservient to the pope. Great Britain was one of these countries. The colonies, which are now part of the United States were, of course, owned by Great Britain at that time so, the Gregorian calendar was not recognized in The Colonies in 1582. Instead, it was adapted in 1753. This means any dates noted before 1753 in the U.S. and many other parts of the world are questionable.

We still use the Gregorian calendar today and we probably will use it for a long time to come because it has made the necessary correction to the Julian concept. Still, even though it is very accurate, the Gregorian calendar is off by 3 minutes and 39 seconds each decade. This means we will gain a day over the next 40 centuries.

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In the last decade, email has become one of the most common methods of communicating with one another. Some of us receive hundreds of messages everyday. While not all of the messages are important, not being able to access them can be frustrating. Unfortunately, Microsoft Outlook – one of the most commonly used email clients – has a number of errors which can plague users.

On the bright side, most of these errors do have solutions.

Error #1: Error 0×800420CB

Most of us hate these cryptic error messages almost as much as the error itself. This one is no different. Generally, if you get this error message you are not able to open or read your messages – a highly frustrating position to be in.

The most common cause of the problem is corruption of the .dbx files associated with Microsoft Outlook. What causes the corruption is not always known.

You can correct the problem in just a few steps:

1. Go to “Tools” in the main menu.

2. Click on “Accounts.”

3. Select “Mail” from the tab options.

4. Choose “Duplicate Mail Account.”

5. Select “Remove”

Continue these steps until you have made copies of all the accounts and removed the old ones. This usually solves the problem. If not, use the Windows Search Utility to locate the Microsoft Outlook .dbx file and rename it.

Error #2: Unable to Delete Emails

Sometimes, you may find that not every email in our inbox is worth keeping or reading. However, there is another Outlook error that can prevent us from removing these unwanted messages from our inboxes.

Again, this problem usually stems from file corruption. In this case, a copy of an email that has been deleted already ends up in the deleted e-mail folder of the program. This confuses the program and prevents you from deleting other messages.

To correct the problem, you should follow these steps:

1. Copy all of the messages in your “Delete” folder to another folder.

2. Close your Outlook program.

3. Go to the Windows settings and allow hidden files to be displayed.

4. Search for the file known as “Deleted Items.dbx.”

5. Delete the file once you find it.

That should solve the problem. Remember to go back into your settings and re-hide those files so you won’t have to see them in all of your folders in the future.

Error #3: Unable to Receive Emails

Almost the exact opposite of the second error, this one prevents new emails from being received by Outlook. This one is definitely more frustrating than the other two because you will not have any access to the messages through the program until you rectify the problem.

The good news is that this problem is usually one of the easiest to eliminate, because its most common cause is having an overabundance of emails. Your email account can only hold so much data and when you reach that limit no more messages can be added.

To start receiving messages again, you can do one of the following:

? Delete emails you no longer need

? Copy emails into a different folder on your hard drive – outside of the Outlook program

? Increase the disk space allotted for your email account

Regardless of the error you encounter, remember that most can be solved easily and without delays of your email access.

]]> http://www.thebookcalendar.com/3-outlook-errors-and-how-to-fix-them.html/feed 0 http://www.thebookcalendar.com/tips-for-end-users-of-excel-2003-and-2007.html http://www.thebookcalendar.com/tips-for-end-users-of-excel-2003-and-2007.html#comments Sun, 27 Jun 2010 20:00:30 +0000 admin http://www.nailaintan.co.cc/tips-for-end-users-of-excel-2003-and-2007.html

Here are some tips for end users of Excel, both the 2003 and 2007 versions. In this article, you will learn how to print a portion of a spreadsheet, print column headings on each page, and change the default font – in both versions of the application.

Excel 2007 – Printing a Portion of a Spreadsheet.

First, select the cell range you would like to print. Then, under “Page Layout,” go to the print area icon; select “Set Print Area.” Next, print out the worksheet. Finally, select “Clear Print Area” and the entire worksheet will print next time (instead of just the selected area). There is also a section at the end of the article which describes the format painter.

Printing Column Headings on Each Page.

First, go to “Page Layout Menu” and click the “Print Titles” icon; then click the “Sheet” tab. Then, to print column headers on every page, enter the rows containing column labels under “Print titles” under “Rows to repeat.” When ready, click “Print.”

Changing the Default Font.

In Excel 2007, the default font and size is Calibri 11.

First, click “Microsoft Office” and then click “Excel Options.” When creating new workbooks in the “Popular” category, click the font you want to use in the “Use this font” box, then enter the font size you’d like to use in the “Font Size” box.

NOTE: you must restart Excel to use the new default selection, affecting only newly created workbooks.

Excel 2003 – Printing Part of a Spreadsheet.

To begin, select the cell range you’d like to print. For the next step, in the file menu, go to “Print Area.” Then click “Set Print Area.” After, print the worksheet. When saving, your print area is also saved.

Printing Column Headings on Each Page.

If you have spreadsheet data spanning several pages and want column headings on each, this will help:

First click “Page Setup” on file menu, then click the “Sheet” tab. Next, to print column labels on each page, enter the rows that contain column labels under “Print titles” in the “Rows to repeat at top box.” Finally, click “Print.”

Changing the Default Font

First, click “Options” on the “Tools” menu. Then click a font in the “Standard font” box on the “General” tab. Finally, click a font size in the “Size” box.

NOTE: You must restart Excel to begin using this new default font and font size. This new default will be effective for new workbooks you create – existing workbooks are not affected.

What is the Format Painter?

Those who prefer to do simple Word documents might not be the heaviest Style users. If you’d like to reuse styles you’re already created in a document, the Format Painter is an excellent tool. In order to apply a paragraph style from one paragraph to another one: first put the cursor somewhere in the styled paragraph, then click the Format Painter (Ctrl + Shift + C).

Click the paragraph where you’d like to apply the style. If you’d like to apply the style to multiple paragraphs, just double-click the Formet Painter. Then click in every subsequent paragraph in order to apply this same style.

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